Use of the Single Effect in A Cask of Amontillado Essay -- Cask Amonti

Use of the Single Effect in A cask of Amontillado  Edgar Allan Poes A barrelful of Amontillado is perhaps the most famous bilgewater of terror ever written. Montresor, the storys narrator, leads the reader through his revenge on Fortunato. Montresor entices Fortunato into the dark recesses of the family catacombs with the promise of a very fine wine. At the climax of the story, Montresor shackles Fortunato to a groin and seals him away forever behind brick and mortar. In all of Poes short stories he attempts to convey a certain unique or single feat. A Cask of Amontillado expresses its dark view of human intention by using elements of irony, foreshadowing, and metaphor. The first person point of view also lends itself to an exploration of the inner secrets of Montresor. The major guinea pig in the story is the deep hatred buried within the outwardly congenial Montresor. This makes it vital that the story be told with Montresors thoughts known to the reader. The tale simply would non work if it were told from Fortunatos point of view, or from a dramatic/objective angle. An omniscient view would function, but by knowing only Montresors thoughts the reader develops a assert in him, and this causes the storys theme to have a more personal effect on the reader. A Cask of Amontillado is replete with wry statements and situations. Fortunatos very name is ironic given his horrific fate. At the beginning of the story, when Montresor divulges his theories on proper revenge, he says, A wrong is unredressed when retibution overtakes its redresser. This is ironic (and a bit amusing) as Montresor is utterly consumed by his hatred of Fortunato. Then, during their descent into the catacombs, Montresor tries several times to con... ...ontresors sociable facade, then the catacombs below symbolize the hate within him. Poe gives explicit descriptions fo the foul caverns. They are insufferably go bad . . . encrusted with nitre. The founess of the air nearly extinguis hes their torches. Poe describes the white web-work which gleams from these cavern walls. Clearly Poes desired efect is to expose the evil that consumes from within. Each of the literary devices used in A Cask of Amontillado serves to reinforce Poes single effect. As Poe himself says in The Importance of the Single Effect in a Prose Tale, an author invents such incidents--he then combines such events as whitethorn best aid him in establishing this preconceived effect. The use of the first person perspective along with some irony, foreshadowing, and metaphor aid the delivery of Poes single effect in A Cask of Amontillado.  

Makioka Sisters & Pedro Paramo :: Free Essay Writer

Makioka Sisters & Pedro ParamoThough the two books, The Makioka Sisters and Pedro Paramo appear to be a part of two entirely separate worlds, some connections can be seen end-to-end the works. Junichiro Tanizaki uses The Makioka Sisters to tell the tale of four beautiful sisters whos lives are encompassed by a world of tradition and propriety. While at the same time Juan Rulfos Pedro Paramo is exploring these same ideas of obligation and in the best term, formalities. This is the key to these two works, formalities. Each culture and time is experiencing pressures and obligations due to the characters belief in observing formalities and traditions. both(prenominal) books open to a dilemma that plagues the characters and can be tied back to the observation of formalities. The Makioka family is desperately seeking a husband for the third sister, Yukiko. Sachiko explains Inhopes of conclusion Yukiko a worthy husband, they had refused the proposals that in earlier years had showered up on them. Not one seemed quite what they wanted (9). This prestigious Osaka family presumes that they must adhere to every formality to its highest peak in order to uphold their reputation and honor. A suitor has yet to meet what they believe must be their standards. The head of the family, Tatsuo has been displeased with the men that call for sought Yukikos hand, he believes that the old and once-important family cannot afford to take in a man who might humble or disgrace the dignity of the Makioka let on (8). The family is weaving itself into a web of pain and humiliation through their insistence to comply with the precedence of exalting and sheltering the Makioka name at any cost, even that of make do and happiness. Juan Preciado is also being thrust into a dilemma when he makes attempts to follow through with empty civilities. Rulfo opens this story with Preciado traveling to the small, desolate village of Comala. After the cobblers last of Preciados mother, he decides to up hold the promise he made to her by visiting his estranged father, Pedro Paramo, whom he never knew. Preciado admits, I didnt intend to persist my promise. But then I began to think about what she told me, until I couldnt stop thinking and even dreaming about it, and building a solely world around that Pedro Paramo. Thats why I came to Comala (1). Preciado is brought to this insufferable village because of an empty promise that he made to his dying mother.

Crusades :: essays research papers

CrusadesThe Crusades began in 1088 when Urban II preached the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont. The reason for such a mass following of people to leave their homes and travel to the Holy Land to fight is unknown. There are numerous plausible causes, which will be discussed in this paper. The reason the pontiff preached the Crusades originally was the supposed threat of Muslim rule. In truth the Muslims and Christians in the Holy Land had lived peacefully for years, and the Pope was also a politician. Many believe that his motive was to gain political power by gaining control of all of the Muslim territories. This feat was accomplished by the and of 1099 and four new states were set up after the first crusade had ended.It is fairly easy to see why the Pope would want to incite the crusades, but why would normal people leave all they had to carry break through this Holy War? Many people believed (because this is what the Pope told them) that all of their sins would be forg iven if they carried out this momentous task. They were practically guaranteed a place in heaven. Other crusaders went in search of gold and riches that they would take after plundering the Jewish and Muslim villages. Many younger sons of aristocrats went in search of land because their older brother had inherited the family&8217s land. An additional reason for men and women to go fight may have been pride. &8220Keeping up with the Jones&8217s is not a new concept. Many people may have felt pressured to join the crusades along with their neighbors and after committing to go one could not turn back with the penalty of excommunication. The crusades also created business for maritime cities.

Acid Rain :: science

Acid RainINTRODUCTION Acid rain is a great task in our world. It causes fish and plants to die in our waters. As well it causes harm to our own race as well, because we eat these fish, drink this water and eat these plants. It is a problem that we must all face together and try to get rid of. However acid rain on its own is not the biggest problem. It cause numerous other problems such as atomic number 13 poisoning. Acid Rain is deadly. WHAT IS ACID RAIN? Acid rain is all the rain, snow, mist etc that falls from the sky onto our planet that contains an unnatural acidic. It is not to be muzzy with uncontaminated rain that falls, for that rain is naturally slightly acidic. It is caused by todays industry. When products are manufactured legion(predicate) chemicals are used to create it. However because of the difficulty and price of properly disposing of these products they are often emitted into the atmosphere with little or no treatment. The term was first considered to be impo rtant about 20 years past when scientists in Sweden and Norway first believed that acidic rain may be causing great ecological damage to the planet. The problem was that by the time that the scientist anchor the problem it was already very large. Detecting an acid lake is often quite difficult. A lake does not become acid over night. It happens over a period of many years, some times decades. The changes are usually to gradual for them to be noticed early. At the beginning of the 20th century most rivers/lakes like the river Tovdal in Norway had not yet begun to die. However by 1926 local inspectors were noticing that many of the lakes were beginning to show signs of death. Fish were found dead along the banks of many rivers. As the winters ice began to meld off more and more hundreds upon hundreds more dead fish (trout in particular) were being found. It was at this time that scientist began to search for the reason. As the scientists continued to work they found many piles of d ead fish, up to 5000 in one pile, further up the river. Divers were sent in to examine the bottom of the rivers. What they found were many more dead fish. Many live and dead specimens were taken back to labs across Norway.

Poverty and Child Development Essay -- essays research papers fc

From the very second I was born, until this very day, I had understood biography to be a certain way. Life had taken its course and my family, as well as myself, reach suffered ups and downs. Weve been through times which were good and which were the defeat of the worst any families do. What I didnt know is that regardless of the good and the bad, that the life I lived was sheltered to the point where I couldnt fathom the idea that all people had not lived a life similar to ours. Sure, I understand that some were more fortunate and some were less fortunate, but to which extent? deep down my circle of influence, our friends and family, there was a certain level at which we enjoyed our lives in a comfortable sense. Wed occasionally see a homeless someone on the subway or in the city, but I never knew that there was a whole class of people in between. Ive eternally heard of poverty and didnt know much more about it except for the fact that people existed that were less fortunat e, those who lived in this supposed poverty. Jonathan Kozols contain Amazing Grace depicts the issues that face families who are living in a world of poverty, homelessness and in a world where less fortunate is an understatement. Kozol writes about his go out in the South Bronx where he comes across some of the most disturbing facts about our fellow human beings. He speaks of families who live in an undernourished, impoverished hostelry where a great majority of the inhabitants have been faced with disease. He visited a building in which one particular family has contracted the HIV virus. A woman contracted AIDS from her husband who she thought was faithful. Her daughter later contracted the deadly virus when she was raped by the father. In fact, in his conversation with a nurse who takes care of Alice Washington, a woman that Kozol interviews, in this building there are Including the children, maybe 27 people (Kozol p. 13, in Amazing Grace) She continues to say thithers lots of other people have it but dont know. People are so under-educated and under-privileged in the society where they live, that they are frightened to even find out if they have contracted the disease. This brings us to another problem that the families here are faced with, deprivation of help from the government. Although Jonathan Kozol implies that there may... ... problems with women who have children out-of-wedlock. Although she defends the fact that they shouldnt be judged as a whole because of that fact, it seems to me that she feels strongly about traditional family settings including a two parent, heterosexual household. Sidel also comes across as someone who has a hint of religion in her values. Personally, I agree more with the liberal standpoint. I feel that all people should be equal, especially since were all citizens of the same city, nation, and world. I believe we should have the same opportunities, almost as much as I believe that those who want to win something in l ive will take the initiative and shape their destiny to reach their goals. BibliographyKozol, Jonathan. Amazing Grace. NewYork Crown, 1995. 1-24.Kozol, Jonathan. Amazing Grace. NewYork Crown, 1995. 27-54.Sidel, Ruth. The Enemy Within Keeping Women And Children Last. NewYork Penguin, 1998. 1-32.Surgrue, J. Thomas. Poor Families in an Era of Urban Transformation. American Families. Stephanie Coontz, Maya Parson, Gabrielle Railey, Routledge, 1999. 243-257.

Poverty and Child Development Essay -- essays research papers fc

From the very second I was born, until this very day, I had understood life to be a certain way. Life had taken its course and my family, as well as myself, have suffered ups and downs. Weve been through times which were good and which were the whisk of the worst all families do. What I didnt know is that regardless of the good and the bad, that the life I lived was sheltered to the point where I couldnt fathom the appraisal that all people had not lived a life similar to ours. Sure, I understand that some were more fortunate and some were less fortunate, but to which consummation? Within my circle of influence, our friends and family, at that place was a certain level at which we enjoyed our lives in a comfortable sense. Wed occasionally see a roofless person on the subway or in the city, but I never knew that there was a whole class of people in between. Ive always heard of poverty and didnt know much more to the highest degree it except for the fact that people existed th at were less fortunate, those who lived in this supposed poverty. Jonathan Kozols book Amazing Grace depicts the issues that face families who atomic number 18 living in a world of poverty, homelessness and in a world where less fortunate is an understatement. Kozol writes about his experience in the South Bronx where he comes crossways some of the most disturbing facts about our fellow human beings. He speaks of families who live in an undernourished, deprive society where a great majority of the inhabitants have been faced with disease. He visited a building in which one particular family has contracted the HIV virus. A woman contracted AIDS from her husband who she thought was faithful. Her daughter later contracted the deadly virus when she was raped by the father. In fact, in his discourse with a nurse who takes care of Alice Washington, a woman that Kozol interviews, in this building there are Including the children, maybe 27 people (Kozol p. 13, in Amazing Grace) She cont inues to grade Theres lots of other people have it but dont know. People are so under-educated and under-privileged in the society where they live, that they are afraid to even find out if they have contracted the disease. This brings us to another problem that the families here are faced with, deprivation of help from the government. Although Jonathan Kozol implies that there may... ... problems with women who have children out-of-wedlock. Although she defends the fact that they shouldnt be judged as a whole because of that fact, it seems to me that she feels strongly about traditional family settings including a two parent, heterosexual household. Sidel also comes across as someone who has a hint of religion in her values. Personally, I agree more with the liberal standpoint. I feel that all people should be equal, especially since were all citizens of the same city, nation, and world. I believe we should have the same opportunities, almost as much as I believe that those who e xtremity to achieve something in live will take the initiative and shape their destiny to reach their goals. BibliographyKozol, Jonathan. Amazing Grace. NewYork Crown, 1995. 1-24.Kozol, Jonathan. Amazing Grace. NewYork Crown, 1995. 27-54.Sidel, Ruth. The Enemy Within Keeping Women And Children Last. NewYork Penguin, 1998. 1-32.Surgrue, J. Thomas. slimy Families in an Era of Urban Transformation. American Families. Stephanie Coontz, Maya Parson, Gabrielle Railey, Routledge, 1999. 243-257.

What or who changed my life

Becoming a 16 year old mother changed my heart sentence Becoming a 16 year mother changed my life In more ways than one. I was totally blown away knowing that would take on to devote my time, love, energy, smile, and money to another human being. Motherhood at such a young age was not a box of chocolate. In fact, it is a continuous fun, exciting, and overwhelming learning experience. Nevertheless, being a full-time mother, student. And wage-earner assisted in the astonishing mother I am today.It was a normal happy fall school morning in September of 1993, when I first deiced for the second month in a row I hadnt had my menstrual cycle. catamenial cycles in my world were unpleasant, heavy, unbearable, and caused me to black come on. Noticing another month without my cycle certainly raised a red flag. However, I continued on about my school day. In the blink of an eye the month of October was here. At this point I am feeling alarmed and fearful. After a few weeks pass by, I bulk t o feel very Ill.I began to feel activity Inside my stomach. In this case, feeling punch kicks, rolls, and wiggles were very uncomfortable. My first thought was I have got to e heavy(predicate) The following morning, while getting flying for school I began to vomit all over myself. As I jumped up I experienced an case of syncope. As I recovered from this distasteful experience, I cleaned myself up and headed to school. So for the next four months, I felt terrified to tell my parents, siblings, and even my at hand(predicate) peers what Ive been experiencing.Pregnant at 16 years old was not a dream of mind, but a high school junior with determinations, super athletic skills, and potentials. I vie softball, volleyball, track-star, and captain of the cheer-squad. With all my happenings, I hardly had time to gain weight. I mastered being pregnant, while continuing my education without anyone noticing. Until one Friday evening in February of 1994. I was getting ready for a movie date when my 12 year old twin brother spoiled my evening. Chad Christopher comment was mommy Shanty has a big stomach Like those women In churchMy mother stepped In my room and elect to pop the question. Shanty are you pregnant? I was truly petrified. In response I quickly shouted mol I proceeded with my date night. After Id returned home, my mother pop the question again. Shanty are you pregnant? The look in her eye was appalling. I stared in silence. Her words to me were whats done in the dark will come to light. At this point I advised her that it may be a possibility. So within the week she made an appointment to see the family Physician. It turns out I was 7 h months pregnant.After receiving the distraught unexampleds of my life, I poisonous to my knees and started to cry uncontrollably knowing that this human being would be here in less than three months. I was not ready to be a 16 year old mother. I had plans to attend Nicholls State, majoring In Pediatrics after graduation. Wit h no time to spare I had to prepare for a drastic life changing encounter. For the next, two and a half months I felt relieved, excited, blue, and disappointed all at the same time. My mother suggested that I seek employment.I continued to go to school every day, do my house chores May 9, 1994. I was awakened by severe stomach cramps. I yelled to my mother in anguish. I advised her that I was in a lot of pain. She rushed into my room to assist me out of bed and we headed to the hospital. University hospital was our first stop. Nurse Sonny depute me to a private room to monitor my contractions. I was there approximately three and a half hours before being released even though I was in excruciating pain. I was only dilating two centimeters for the past three hours.Nurse Betty advised me that in order for me to be hospitalized I would need to be at least three centimeters. The next four hours were the most uncomfortable and dreadful situation a teenage misfire could experience. Arou nd 7 a. M. I observe blood in my panties. We hopped in the car and headed to the nearest hospital, despite being pulled over by N. O. P. D. For speeding. We yelled, theres a baby on the way Upon arriving to Charity infirmary on May 9, 1994 within minutes Share L. Was born at 7AAA. M. To Williams and Blancher. The moment I laid eyes on my baby girl was absolutely amazing.I didnt know how to feel nor react to what had Just occurred. I knew right then that this experience would make me see the world in a incompatible light. I realized that I am someones mother. Becoming a teenage mother changed my whole look on life. After our release from the hospital we were ready to conquer the world. On my way home all I could do was contemplate on all of the responsibilities that comes with being a mother. One of my life changing experiences as a 16 year old mother was learning how to love, nurture, care and provide for a human whom Id carried for nine months.In the midst of all my new and excit ing challenges, school was still in session. Just for a few more weeks. My five teachers were gracious enough to combine my lessons and allow me to finish out the school year. Without a doubt my education was very important to me. As the next few weeks crept by, I was slowly getting use to anytime feedings, diaper changes, mocking moments, and continuing my education. Thoughts and emotions about how baby Ronnie will impact my life forever loud seem to cross my mind quite frequently.I would regularly stare at her and think to myself no more partying, selfishness, sleeping in, and playing cards were a part of my life style. But how wonderful, ambitious, eager, and a powerful role model of a mother I plan to become. Regardless, of what life threw my way. I believe becoming a mother was only the beginning of many accomplishments. Vive experienced many unwieldy days as a young mother. Such as, late work hours, keeping up with school lessons, exhaustion, being Judged by peers, and unabl e to be an bonnie teenager. Spending my money on diapers, formula, and clothing was a game changing experience.I wore several different hats at an early age. For example, a superdome, mentor, chef, teacher, nurse, bodyguard, and chauffeur. Knowing that my pride and delectation would be admiring me, kept me motivated and enthused to finish high school and go on to higher learning. Sharron is a 20 year old ambitious, loving, childless, young peeress trying to pursue her nursing dream. As a 16 year old mother there were many obstacles and barriers to overcome. The constant encouragement from my daughter and parents abetted me in becoming the woman and mother I am today.

Reconstructionalism †Curriculum Essay

Reconstuctionism in not a fully developed philosophy of life or of education. M some(prenominal) writers view it as only an extension of progressivism, the educational philosophy. manage progressivism, it is based on the pure philosophy of pragmatism. Therefore, its dissolving agents to basic questions are the same. In answer to the ontological question of what is real, reconstructionists agree that e genuinelyday, mortalal experience constitutes reality. The epistemological question asks What is verity and how do we know truth? The reconstructionist claims that truth is what works, and we arrive at truth through a process of trial and error. The axiological question asks What is good and beautiful? The reconstructionists answer to this is whatever the public consensus says it isEducational TheoryAs far as his educational views are concerned, the reconstructionist sees things the same way as the progressiveup to a point. For example, reconstructionists believe that students learn more, remember it longer, and apply it to rude(a) situations better if they learn through experience, rather than through being told something.As they see it, the teachers main role is that of a resource person or a research project director who guides the students learning rather than being a dispenser of knowledge. In this role, the teacher carries on a dialogue with students, constituent them identify problems, frame hypotheses, find data, draw appropriate conclusions, and select efficacious courses of action (praxis).Reconstructionists dont believe in a predetermined curriculum. They would mapping the subject matter from any or all disciplines when needed to solve a problem. They would probably deal more, however, with the subject matter of brotherly experience (the social sciences) in solving problems.The teaching systems favored by reconstructionists are (1) the pupil-teacher dialogue and (2) praxis. Praxis is effective action. In other words, reconstructionists favor ap plying the problem-solving method (scientific method) of the progressives to real-life problems. After unrivalled has reached an intellectual solution to a problem, reconstructionists favor carefully thought-out social action to remedy or ameliorate the problem.Reconstructionists, like progressives, do not favor any type of ability grouping. They feel students should be grouped only upon the basis of common interests.Reconstructionists also like flexible student seating arrangements, but since there is so much social occasion outside the schoolroom, seating is not even an issue.Reconstructionists share the progressives view of student discipline. Moreover, they feel that if students are actively involved in bringing about change in areas that concern them, they will not produce frustrated, and therefore, will not be likely to become discipline problems.Reconstructionists prefer to evaluate students subjectively on the basis of their ability as a social activist rather than give written examinations. Like progressives, they feel that student self-evaluation has a proper place.Reconstructionists PlatformReconstructionists differ significantly from progressives in the matter of social policy. Progressives acknowledge the rapidly changing conditions around us. exclusively they are content to just teach students how to cope with change. It has been said that progressives seek to teach students how to reach intellectual solution to problems. This often culminates in writing a paper, doing a report or a project of some kind. This kind of education would tend to mirror the contemporary society. On the other hand, reconstructionists believe that students moldiness learn through practical experience how to direct change and control it. They believe strongly that our culture is in crisis. They believe that things will study uncontrollably bad unless we intervene to direct change and thereby reconstruct the social order.Reconstructionsists believe that a Utopian F uture is a genuine possibility for public if we learn how to intervene and to direct change. They believe that the school should train students to be social activists in the tradition of Gandhi, Martin Luther King, Jr., Ralph Nader and Jesse Jackson.Reconstructionists believe that we should apply the reflective inquiry method to lifes problems. They feel, however, that we should be prepared to act upon our conclusions. This requires a sense of commitment and responsibility on the part of students. This goal of initiating change is of course very controversial. For this reason, reconstructionism has never caught on fully in our schools. Questions have been raised concerning whether or not schools should become a tool for re-making society. Questions have also been raised as to whether students at any age have the intellectual and social maturity to participate in social action.Advocates of social action contend that the more involvement we have, the better off we will be as a societ y. They claim that as things stand now, only a small percentage of people get involved in social issues because they do not know how to do so. Advocates of social action emphasize that it can be safely practiced if received common-sense safeguards are applied. For example1) Young students should be encouraged to act in a more limited setting than older students, such as the classroom or school, rather than the larger community.2) Teachers should help students weigh the probable outcomes of various lines of social action before anything is done. They should consider whether or not a inclined action will solve or ameliorate a problem. Moreover, they should consider the probable side effects of a given line of action, including how it will invasion on significant others.3) Teachers should work with students to get them to accept the consequences (good or bad) of their actions, once they have taken place, without complaining or expecting to be let off the hook. This is great if a se nse of commitment and responsibility is to be nurtured.

Fitting of Engel Curve

Fitting of Engel Curve hoidenish Maharashtra Managerial Economics I Section D Group 6 Completed Under the Guidance of Prof. Kaushik Bhattacharya September 2011 Indian Institute of Management, Lucknow Submitted on September 5th, 2012 ? executive Summary This instruct aims to estimate and analyze the relationship between the monthly per capita use on viands and the monthly per capita total expenditure for crime syndicates in rural Maharashtra. This relation is estimated by using the Engel Curve Model which proves that as the income levels rise the percentage expenditure on victuals items decreases.The National have Survey Organisation (NSSO) conducted an all-India survey of households and unformed service enterprises in the 63rd round of NSS during July 2006-June 2007. Surveys on consumer expenditure are being conducted once in every five years on a vauntingly sample of households from the 27th round (October 1972 September 1973). For this project Data from the 63rd Round of the National Sample Survey was used as a sample for analysis. The retroflection analysis was carried out using Linear, Working-Lesser and doubling Log Models.The income elasticity was calculated in to each one case which confirmed the fact that food is a destiny good. Qualitative factors such(prenominal) as seasonality, occupation and social group were also incorporated into the infantile fixation analysis using dummy variables. A multivariate regression analysis revealed the prominence of occupation as a relatively more significant factor compared to the former(a)s factors. The analysis is subject to certain limitations due to the assumptions made with the or so primary assumption being that the total expenditure on all goods is representative of the income of the individual.Other limitations arising out of the content of the survey have also been listed. Contents Executive Summary2 Introduction4 Understanding the Data6 Data Collection6 Data processing6 Function Formulation6 Regression Analysis7 ? Introduction The nature of a particular good can be determined by an primary(prenominal) parameter kn receive as Income elasticity which helps us classifying the good as either inferior, a necessity or luxury. This parameter allows us to predict what goods leave be determined by a society during divers(a) stages of development and provide insights into the behaviour of various sections of society to that good.In todays economic scenario Income elasticity of food in particular is of major significance. From a production perspective, it is important to determine the relationship between the food expenditure and income. This will help in predicting the entreat in a growing economy and thus reduce the demand-supply gap. Form a policy perspective, the income elasticity becomes all the more important as government aims to have an inclusive development. Knowing the income elasticity with respect to food expenditure will help in framing policies which fulfil thei r aim of better(p) economy.Income elasticity can be estimated empirically through Demand curves and Engel Curves. Engel curves describe how household expenditure on particular goods or services depends on household income. The name comes from the German statistician Ernst Engel (18211896) who was the beginning one to investigate this relationship systematically in an article published about 150 years ago. The best-known single result from the article is Engels law, which states that the poorer a family is, the larger the budget share it spends on nourishment.Engel curves may also depend on demographic variables and other consumer characteristics. Empirical Engel curves are close to linear for some goods, and highly nonlinear for others. Engel curves are used for equivalence scale calculations and related welfare comparisons, and determine properties of demand systems such as agreeability and rank. Engel curves for normal goods Engel curves for inferior goods The relationship betwee n the food consumption and income on the Engel Curve has been analysed through various forges, each with its own benefits.The three models used in this study are 1. Linear Regression Model It assumes a linear relationship between the two variables. It uses the equation Y = A0 + A1X. The elasticity is calculated through this model using the equation ? = ( X/Y) dy/dx = (X/Y) A1 2. Working-Lesser Model This model uses the equation Wi=A0+AilnX. Working-Lesser Model is the first empirical model applied in the study of consumption analysis In the Working-Leser model, each share of the food item is simply a linear function of the logarithm of prices and of the total expenditure on all the food items under consideration.Here i represents each food items , wi is the expenditure share of food i among the n food items and x is the total expenditure of all food items included in the model. This model can be estimated for each food item by the ordinary. 3. Double Log Model This model assumes l inear relationship between logarithms of the dependent and independent variable. The greatest benefit of this relationship is that the coefficients of the income variable directly represent the income elasticity. Its equation is lnY = A0 + A1 lnX.The elasticity is directly available as the co-efficient of the independent variable i. e. ?= A1. Understanding the Data Data Collection The data collected by The National Sample Survey (NSS), during its 63th round of data collection during July 1st 2005 to 30th June 2006, has been used in this project. The survey contained data regarding the expenditure of a on various items such as food, clothing, medical, alcohol etc. It also contains demographic information about each family pertaining to the religion, caste, occupation, age, sex etc. The survey is divided into two samples for data validation.We first analyzed both the samples individually and then combined them to verify the validity of the results obtained. Data processing We calculat ed the per capita total expenditure on food for 1702 families from Rural Maharashtra. Instead of income, which wasnt available, we calculated and used the monthly per capita total expenditure for each family to find the Engel Curve. The consumption of food of a family can depend on numerous variables. The variables that we included in our analysis are the social group or caste, occupation and seasonality. The factors which were excluded are__________________________.Rural Maharashtra is fairly homogenous and hence the region or regulate of the respondent wasnt considered as a variable. Function Formulation We did a multivariate regression where the monthly per capita expenditure was the independent variable (i. e. X) while the per capita food expenditure was the dependent variable (i. e. Y). The factors of seasonality, caste and occupation were taken as dummy variables as they have only a qualitative and not a quantitative effect. ValuesDummy Variables SeasonalityJul-Sep, Oct-Dec, Jan-Mar, Apr-Jun CasteSC/ST, OBC, Others Occupation Self-Employed, Salary/Wage Earning,Casual Labor, Others Monthly per capita food expenditure = f (monthly per capita total expenditure, dummy variables) This functional form was used to model the various regression models namely linear regression, double log regression and the working-lesser form. Weighted least square method was used to factor in the weights assigned to each household. Regression analysis was carried out for using the SPSS tool which was also used for extracting data from the flat file. A scatter plot of food versus total expenditure was also plotted to prove the Engels law. Regression Analysis

Financial Management Essay

The required rate of return is rs = 10. 1%, and the constant growth rate is g = 4. 0%. What is the current source price? a. $23. 11b. $23. 70c. $24. 31d. $24. 93e. $25. 57e 8- Ratio analysis involves analyzing fiscal statements in order to appraise a firms financial position and strength. a. True b. FalseA 9- Profitability ratios convey the combined effects of liquidity, asset management, and debt management on operating results. a. True b. False A 10 One problem with ratio analysis is that relationships layabout be manipulated. For example, if our current ratio is greater than 1. , then borrowing on a short-term basis and using the funds to build up our gold account would cause the current ratio to increase. a. True b. False B 11 Arshadi Corp. s sales last year were $52,000, and its total assets were $22,000. What was its total assets disorder ratio? a. 2. 03 b. 2. 13 c. 2. 25 d. 2. 36 e. 2. 48 D 12 Rappaport Corp. s sales last year were $320,000, and its net income after taxes was $23,000. What was its profit permissiveness on sales? c a. 6. 49% b. 6. 83% c. 7. 19% d. 7. 55% e. 7. 92% 3 The first, and most critical, step in constructing a set of forecasted financial statements is the sales forecast. a.Trueb. Falsea 14- According to the Capital Asset Pricing Model, investors are primarily concerned with portfolio risk, not the risks of individual melodic lines held in isolation. Thus, the relevant risk of a stock is the stocks contribution to the riskiness of a well-diversified portfolio. a. True b. False a 18 Diversification provide normally reduce the riskiness of a portfolio of stocks. a. True b. False 19- If the returns of two firms are negatively correlated, then one of them must have a negative beta. . True b. False a 20 Which of the following statements best describes what you should expect if you randomly select stocks and add them to your portfolio? a. Adding more such stocks pass on reduce the portfolios unsystematic, or diversifiable, risk. b. Adding more such stocks will increase the portfolios expected rate of return. c. Adding more such stocks will reduce the portfolios beta coefficient and thus its systematic risk. d. Adding more such stocks will have no effect on the portfolios risk. e. Adding more such stocks will reduce the portfolios market risk but not its unsystematic risk. A